干涉:指语言的组合违拗了语言体系对语言的组合的规定性,造成语言审美经验同现实语言的矛盾性干涉,并在新的层次和新的语言信息解码原则上统一了起来,形成幽默。它包括揭示表里矛盾和前后抵牾两大类。
一、揭示表里矛盾的,如双关、闪避、伸缩和殊比
1.双关就是利用语音和语义,一句话把双方面的意思都“关照”到。如:
Khrushchev and Pig (赫鲁哓夫与猪)
Khrushchev insisted on visiting pigsty (猪圈)of the farm alone, thus the cameraman shot (拍照) him from various angles. Returning to the news agency , the reporter planned to announce (发表,宣告) it on the Pravda (俄语,真理报)with the headline of Comrade Khrushchev at pigsty , but the editor-in-chief said that would impair(损害,削弱) the leader’s image. It fell out (结果) the following day the people of Soviets read the headline on the Pravda:
Comrade Khrushchev Inspects Farm
The photograph redeemed(弥补) —— the third from the left is Comrade Khrushchev.
赫鲁晓夫执意单独参观农场的猪圈,摄影记者从不同的角度拍了照。回到报社后,想以赫鲁晓夫同志在猪圈为标题发表在真理报上,主编说样会影响领导形象。结果,第二天,苏联人民手里拿到的真理报上的标题是:
赫鲁晓夫同志视察农场
照片提示则是——左起第三位为赫鲁晓夫同志。
迷你小贴士——词义辨析:
announce :发表,宣告。指以官方或以公众的方式发布消息。
Proclaim;正式宣布,如公布政策、法律、战争、和平等。
Publish;出版,发表,公布。
Declare:宣布主张,使公众知道。
Manifesto:发表宣言、声明。
Encountering Pushkins (遭遇普希金)
A Russia juvenile (少年,法律词汇) wanted to dance a dance(同源宾语) with a noble young lady at a duke (公爵)family party in Petersburg(彼得堡), but that lady refused him disdainfully: “ I hate dancing with a child.” The juvenile saved his face swiftly, saying: “ I don’t know you are with child(怀孕).” This was no other than Pushkins , romantic great poet afterward.
在彼得堡一位公爵的家庭舞会上,有一位俄罗斯少年想请一个漂亮的贵族小姐跳舞,女方不屑地说:“我不带小孩跳舞。”少年敏捷挽回了面子,说:“我不知道你怀有孩子了。”此人后来就是风流倜傥的大诗人普希金。
迷你小贴士——强式判断句
1. 主语+ be + no other than/ none but +强调部分
Our policy of cadres is to appoint none but people on their merit.
2. 主语+ be +nothing + but/else than /less than+强调部分
Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.
3. It is /was + that-clause
4. That’s the very thing I need..
5. He is a trickster out and out.
6. Gold remains gold.
7. It is neither more nor less than a fraud.
Sheridan’s Answer (谢里登的答案)
A day two abhorrent (令人憎恶的)England Royal dukes(公爵) met with councilman Sheridan head to head. One of the two clapped his shoulder, said pungently(尖刻地):" Hello, Sheridan, we are haggling(= disputing) is whether the comer is more scoundrel(恶棍般的,卑鄙的) or more obtuse(=stupid)."
"Well" , Sheridan stood between them at once , saying nimbly:" I am just between the two of them."
一天,两个可恶的英国皇家公爵迎面碰上了议员谢里登,其中一个拍拍他的肩膀,尖刻地说:“喂,谢里登,我们正在争论来人是更无赖些呢还是更愚蠢些。”
“哦,”谢里登往他们当中一站,机敏地说:“我恰好处于这两者之间。”
迷你小贴士——词义辨析
scoundrel:恶棍般的,无赖的。语气重,侧重为达目的,不择手段。
rascal:流氓的,无赖的,卑鄙的。侧重无视行为准则,不道德的。
blackguard:原指恶棍,低级庸俗的,滥骂人的。
knavish :无赖的,欺诈的,不正直的。
bully:恶霸似的,有时又表示“第一流的”。
He can wash himself (他自己会洗)
“Doing the housework really gets to me.”
“ What are you doing? ”
“I have to wash the dishes, greens,clothes , the floor, and wash tom(公猫) and john(盥洗室).”
“What about your husband? ”
“He can wash himself. ”
“下班后做家务真是折杀我也。”
“你都忙什么来着?”
“我得洗碗、洗菜、洗衣服,洗地板,给猫洗澡,还得洗盥洗室。”
“那你丈夫呢?”
“他自己会洗。”
迷你小贴士——大小写陷阱
有些单词的词首字母仅仅作一下大小写方面的改变,则差之毫厘,谬以千里。
大写China 指“中国”;小写china指“瓷器”。
大写Japan指“日本”; 小写japan指“日本式漆器”。
大写Jordan指“约旦”; 小写jordan指“尿壶”。
大写Tom指 “汤姆”(人名); 小写tom指“雄性动物,公猫”。
大写John指“约翰”(人名); 小写john指“厕所”。
大写Jack指“杰克”(人名); 小写jack指“钱,杂役,千斤顶”。
大写Russia 指“俄罗斯”;小写russia指“俄罗斯皮革”。
大写Turkey 指“土耳其”;小写turkey指“火鸡”。
大写Shanghai指“上海”; 小写shanghai指“拐骗”。
A Fly (苍蝇)
Nietzsche visiting his classmate at weekend(独立结构), his classmate discovered a fly in his house in the 10th floor. The classmate brandished the flyswatter(苍蝇拍), beating several times but missing, saying:" There is no fly at ordinary times(平时), how does a fly come today?"
尼采周末拜访同学,发现他10楼的屋里有只苍蝇。同学挥舞着苍蝇拍,打了几下也没打死,嘴里说:“我这里平时没苍蝇的,今天怎么进来一只苍蝇呀?”
迷你小贴士——独立结构一点通
独立结构从总体上看,无外乎表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况几大类,偶尔具有解释功能。
1. 表示时间
独立结构前面可以有介词with,with 没有含义,只是使句子口语化。
We have English class in the classroom with two electric fans spinning overhead.
我们在教室里上英语课,头顶上有两个电扇在转变着。
2. 表示原因
Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed.
既然谁也没有什么好说的,会议就结束了。
3. 表示条件
We shall make a trip on May day, weather permitting.
天气好的话,我们五一节将外出旅游。
4. 表示方式或伴随情况
Our apartment is on the sixteenth floor, its window overlooking Daming Lake.
我们的公寓在第十六楼,从窗子里可以俯瞰大明湖。
The girl in the snapshot wore a broad smile, her long hair flowing in the breeze.
快照上的女孩笑着,长发在微风中飘动。
5. 解释功能
Only three fissile materials are known at present, there being U-233, U-235, and plutonium.
目前已知有三种裂变材料,它们是铀233,铀235,以及钚。
Go to Bed(睡觉去)
Little Popov slept with his grandpa in normal times, but he still pestered(纠缠) his mother for game though it was too late. Mother said:" Go to bed with your grandpa quickly! or I go to bed." Little Popov opened his big eyes :" Really ? Are you not afraid grandpa will utter somniloquy(梦话)?"
小波波夫平时和爷爷睡觉,这天,很晚了还缠着妈妈。妈妈说:“快跟爷爷睡觉去!要不,我去睡了。” 小波波瞪大眼睛说:“真的吗?你不怕爷爷说梦话吗?” (接下页)