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电动汽车很好很环保 但锂电池…… |
2009-03-25 11:41:15 作者:刘丰祎 来源:新东方 点击数: |
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Electric Cars and Peak Lithium
The people of the world will drive some two billion cars by 2030, up from roughly 700 million today. One of the leading hopes for avoiding greenhouse gas overload from all those tailpipe emissions is electric cars.
From the Chevy Volt to the Tesla Roadster, cars that run on battery power rather than gasoline are fueling hopes for a cleaner transportation future. Even if we switched all U.S. cars to run on electricity from coal-fired power plants we'd emit less than we do now, according to a study from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
But, in terms of economics, are we trading peak oil for peak lithium? Lithium is, obviously, a primary component of the lithium ion batteries powering the first generation of electric cars. The bulk of it is found in Bolivia.
Even worse, according to some, most of these advanced batteries are made in Asia. In fact, General Motors selected a battery from Korean company LG over American start-up A123Systems for its initial Volt.
But GM, assuming it survives, is also investing in a battery manufacturing plant in Michigan and there are deposits of lithium in the U.S. as well. Peak lithium may yet become a concern but first there would have to be a lot more electric cars on the road.
电动汽车和锂峰值
目前世界上约有7亿辆汽车行驶在我们的地球上,到了2030年,这个数字可能要达到20亿。其中最有希望解决来自汽车尾气的温室气体的过度排放之一的方案就是使用电动汽车。
从通用汽车公司的电动车雪佛兰沃特(Chevy Volt)到特斯拉汽车公司的电动特斯拉跑车(Tesla Roadster),这些不使用汽油的汽车为为将来创造更加清洁的交通运输燃起了希望。据一项来自太平洋西北国家实验室的研究(Pacific Northwest National Laboratory),即使所有的美国汽车都改成以电驱动(这些电来自于煤炭发电厂),我们也会比我们现在释放的尾气少。
但是从经济学的角度考虑,我们是否在做以石油峰值(peak oil)换锂峰值(peak lithium)?很显然锂是驱动第一代电动车的锂电池中的主要成分。大部分锂矿存储于玻利维亚。
更糟糕的是,据一些报道,绝大部分的这些高级锂电池产于亚洲。实际上,通用汽车公司(General Motors)为其初款的沃特(Volt)电动车选择的电池来自韩国LG公司,而没有选择美国的新公司A123Systems所生产的电池。 不过GM(假设她还能生存下去的话)也正在密西根州(Michigan)投资建立一个电池生产厂,而且在美国也有锂矿。锂峰值将来可能也会成为人们关注的焦点,但是首先需要有大量的电动车在路上行驶起来。
Vocabulary:
Electric: 电动的 Peak: 顶峰 Lithium: 锂(一种化学元素,符号为Li) Billion: 十亿 Roughly: 粗略地;大概地 Overload: 超载 Tailpipe: (汽车的)尾气管 Emission: 散发;发射 Gasoline: 汽油 Fuel: (动词)加油;增加 Transportation: 运输 Switch: 转换;改变 Primary: 主要的 Component: 成分 Bulk: 主体;大量 Bolivia: 玻利维亚(位于南美的一个国家) Start-up: 启动;新建立的公司 Initial: 开始的 Assume: 假设 Deposit: (矿物)沉积
注释:
1)Peak OiL是指到某一时间,石油的出产量达到了顶点,即使再挖油井,再使用更发达的技术也无法抽取更多的石油。这个提法来自于美国地质学家哈伯特(King Hubbert)。因此石油专家把这种情形叫做哈伯特顶点(Hubbert's peak)或石油顶峰(Peak Oil)。
2)受目前金融风暴的影响,美国的汽车巨头通用汽车公司(General Motors)处境非常艰难,面临破产的危险,所以文章提到她是否还能生存下去。(编辑:胡慧)
(英语原文来自SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN《科学美国人》http://www.sciam.com 作者:David Biello)
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