考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit 59
一、 真题文章（2000年Text 4）
Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know where they should go next.
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.
While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression." Those things that do not show up in the test scores personality, ability, courage or humanity are completely ignored," says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee." Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild." Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarⅡhad weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."
But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles." In Japan," says educator Yoko Muro, "it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure." With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.
二、 译文
战后日本的生产率和社会的和谐为美国和欧洲各国所羡，因此漫无目标很难说是其特色。但是日本人正在经历传统工作道德观的日益衰退。十年前，日本年轻人工作勤奋，将工作视为他们生存的首要理由，但现在日本已经大体上满足了其经济需求，年轻人却不知道他们下一步该做什麽。
随着战后出生高峰期出生的孩子长大成人，再加上妇女如今也进入了本来由男性统治的职业市场，这使得青少年的机会大大缩小了，他们本来就已经抱怨在日本社会里要想上好学校、取得好工作就必须要爬上森严的社会阶梯，所以个人必须作出很多牺牲。在最近的一次调查统计中，只有24.5%的日本学生对学校生活完全满意，而在美国有62.7%的学生表示满意。而且，和其他10个被调查的国家的工人相比，太多的日本工人表示对自己的工作不满意。
虽然日本的教育因强调基础知识而经常受到外国人的赞扬，但是它往往强调考试和机械学习，而不重视创造性和自我表现。“在考分中得不到体现的那些东西——个性、能力、勇气或人性——完全被忽视，”执政的自民党教育委员会主席Toshiki Kaifu 说，“而由此产生的挫折感致使孩子们辍学、放荡不羁。”去年日本发生了2125起校园暴力事件，其中包括929起袭击教师事件。在人们的强烈抗议下，许多保守党领导人正在力图回复到战前的情况——强调道德教育。去年当时任教育大臣的Mitsuo Setoyama 就提出责难，他申辩说二战后美国占领当局引进的自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德观”。
但这可能和日本人的生活方式关系更大。教育家Yoko Muro说：“在日本，你是否喜欢你的工作和生活从来不是问题，问题是你究竟能忍受多少。”随着经济发展的集中化，在日本的一亿一千九百万国民中，有76%的人口住在城市里，几代同堂的大家庭和社区已经被独立的、主要由两代人组成的小家庭所取代。城市里的日本人长期忍受着漫长的上下班交通和拥挤的居住条件，但是随着旧有的家庭观念的削弱，这些不便之处也开始显现出来。在过去十年中，日本的离婚率虽然仍远远美国，但已经增长了50%还多，自杀的比率也增长了近25%。
三、 考研核心词汇
harmony / 5hB:mEni / n. 协调, 融洽
[例] My cat and dog live in perfect harmony. 我的猫和狗相处得十分和睦。
[反义] discord / 5diskC:d / n. 不一致, 意见不合, 嘈杂声, [音乐] 不和谐
v. 不和
disharmony / 5dis5hB:mEni / n. 不调和
[派生] harmonious / hB:5mEunjEs / adj. 1和谐的, 协调的2和睦的, 悦耳的
[固定搭配] be in harmony with 与...协调一致；be out of harmony with 与...不协调一致；
postwar / 5pEust5wC: / adj. 战后的
[例] postwar resettlement 战后的重建工作
[反义] prewar / 5pri:5wC: / adj. 战前的 adv. 在战前
dominate / 5dCmineit / v. 支配, 占优势
[例] A great man can dominate others by force of character.
伟人能以人格的力量支配他人。
[同义] command, control, lead, rule
[派生] dominative / `dCmIneItIv / adj. 支配的
dominating / 5dCmineitiN / adj. 专横的, 主要的, 独裁的
dominance / 5dRmInEns / n. 优势, 统治
sacrifice / 5sAkrifais / n. 1牺牲, 献身2祭品, 供奉 v. 1牺牲, 献出2献祭, 供奉
[例] His parents made sacrifices to pay for his education.
他的父母为供他上学而作出了牺牲。
[同义] forego, forfeit, lose, release, relinquish, surrender, waive, yield
[派生] sacrificial / sAkri5fiFEl / adj. 牺牲的
rigid / 5ridVid / adj. 刚硬的, 刚性的, 严格的
[例] rigid control of chemical composition and processing methods
化学成分和加工方法的严格控制
[同义] adamant, firm, hard, stiff, strict, stubborn, taut, tense, unbending
[反义] pliable / 5plaiEbl / adj. 1曲折的2柔软的3圆滑的
yielding / 5ji:ldiN / adj. 1出产的2易弯曲的3屈从的4易受影响的
n. 让步
[派生] rigidly / 5ridVidli / adv. 坚硬地, 严格地
dissatisfaction / 5dis7sAtis5fAkFEn / n. 1不满, 不平2令人不满的事物
[例] dissatisfaction with the authority 对当局的不满
[反义] satisfaction / 7sAtis5fAkFEn / n. 满意, 满足, 令人满意的事物
[派生] dissatisfactory / 5dis7sAtis5fAktEri / adj. 不满意的,不够理想的, 不满足的
dissatisfy / 5dis5sAtisfai / vt. 使感觉不满, 不满足
counterpart / 5kauntEpB:t / n. 1副本, 极相似的人或物2配对物
[例] Night is the counterpart of day. 黑夜与白天相辅相成。
liberal / 5libErEl / n. 自由主义者, (尤指英国、加拿大等国的)
adj. 1慷慨的, 不拘泥的2宽大的3自由主义的
[例] a liberal thinker 思想无偏见的人
[同义] abundant, ample, broad-minded, extensive, extravagant, freethinking
[反义] compulsory dogmatic
[派生] liberalism / 5libErElizm / n. 自由主义
liberality / 7libE5rAliti / n. 宽大, 磊落
committee / kE5miti / n. 委员会
[例] Our club has a committee on entertainments.
我们俱乐部有一个管理娱乐事宜的委员会。
[同义] council, delegation, group
[派生] committeeman / kE`mItImEn / n . 委员
frustration / frQs5treiFEn / n. 挫败, 挫折
[例] frustration of our design 我们计划的失败
[反义] accomplishment / E5kCmpliFmEnt / n. 成就, 完成, 技艺
[派生] frustrate / frQs5treit / v. 挫败, 阻挠, 使感到灰心, 阻止
incident / 5insidEnt / n. 事件, 事变 adj. 附带的, 易于发生的
[例] There was a strange incident in the supermarket today .
超级市场今天发生了一件怪事。
[同义] adventure, event, experience, happening, occurrence
[派生] incidental / 7insi5dentl / n. 1伴随事件, (用复数)杂项2杂费
adj. 1附带的, 伴随的, 非主要的2偶然的, 容易发生的
[固定搭配] be incident to 易发生于, 随着...而来的, 对...是难免的
assault / E5sC:lt / n. 攻击, 袭击 v. 袭击
[例] make a surprise assault on 对...进行突然袭击
[同义] attack, charge, offense, onslaught
[反义] defense / di5fens / n. (D-)(美国)国防部, 防卫, 防卫物 vt. 谋划抵御
[派生] assaultive / E`sR:ltIv / adj. 喜好攻击的, 好动武的
amid / E5mid / prep. 在...中
[例] Amid warm applause the honored guests mounted the rostrum.
在热烈的掌声中贵宾们登上了主席台。
[反义] around / E5raund / adv. 周围, 四周, 到处, 大约, 左右
prep. 在...周围, 四处
outcry / 5autkrai / n. 大声疾呼
[例] public outcry over the rise in prices.
公众对物价上涨的强烈抗议
[同义] clamor, noise, uproar
conservative / kEn5sE:vEtiv / adj. 保守的, 守旧的 n. 保守派
[例] The researchers made a conservative guess at the population of Tokyo.
研究人员对东京的人口作了一项保守的估计。
[同义] cautious, protective, progressive
[派生] conservancy / kEn5sE:vEnsi / n. (自然物源的)保护, 管理
minister / 5ministE / n. 部长, 大臣
[例] the minister plenipotentiary 全权公使
[同义] chaplain, clergyman, pastor
eyebrow / 5aibrau / n. 眉毛
[例] penciled eyebrows 画眉, 描出来的秀眉
occupation / 7Ckju5peiFEn / n. 职业, 占有, 占有(房屋等)期间
[例] What is his occupation? 他的职业是什么？
[同义] activity, affair, business, capacity, concern, duty, employment, function
[反义] rest / rest / n. 1休息, 静止2其余, 其他
vi. 1休息, 睡眠2 取决于
vt. 1使休息, 使静止2睡眠
[派生] occupational / 7Ckju5peiFEnEl / adj. 职业的, 占领的
occupy / 5Ckjupai / vt. 占, 占用, 占领, 占据
endure / in5djuE / v. 耐久, 忍耐
[例] I can't endure her endless complaint noise a moment longer.
我一刻也忍受不了她那没完没了的抱怨。
[同义] bear, continue, experience, feel, last, persist, remain, stand, stay
[派生] endurance / in5djurEns / n. 忍耐(力), 持久(力), 耐久(性)
centralization / 5sentrElai5zeiFEn / n. 集中, 中央集权化
[例] The question is then if and to what extent centralization brings us profits.
问题是中央集权化是否并给我们带来了多大的利润。
[反义] decentralization / di:7sentrElai5zeiFEn / n. 分散, 地方分权, 排除集中
[派生] centralize / 5sentrElaiz / vt. 集聚, 集中, 施行中央集权
vi. 集中于中央(或中心)
divorce / di5vC:s / n. 1离婚2脱离 vt. 1使离婚2与...脱离
[例] After his divorce the father was given custody of the children.
"离婚后,孩子们归父亲照顾。"
[同义] disconnect, disjoin, divide, separate
[反义] marry / 5mAri / vt. 娶, 嫁, 和...结婚
四、 强化练习
1. They aim to bring stability and __________ to the oil market by adjusting their oil output to help ensure a balance between supply and demand.
A. riot B. scandal C. sarcastic D. harmony
2. Today mammals, ranging from dogs and cats to elephants, dolphins and people, __________ the planet.
A. suspect B. dominate C. tedious D. donate
3. Do not ________clarity for small gains in efficiency
A. scatter B. rot C. sacrifice D. render
4. Although apparently_________, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact.
A. rigid B. severe C. robust D. strong
5. His works have a unique idiosyncrasy (特质) that is that he naturally but ingeniously combines Chinese ink paintings and its _________-----western oil ones together.
A. opponent B. counterpart C. trivial D. repent
6. Snatching a bit of leisure from a busy schedule, making a kettle of strong tea, securing a serene space, and serving and drinking tea by yourself can help banish fatigue and ___________, and improve your thinking .
A. joyful B. delight C. frustration D. happy
7. He was treated at a hospital, then booked into jail for investigation of train robbery, ___________ and resisting arrest.
A. coincide B. counter C. random D. assault
8. Unlike other conventional universities, Bangladesh Open University is purely technology based and its aim is to make scope of higher education for the less literate mass people who are engaged in different ____________ .
A. occupation B. planet C. satellite D. investigation
9. But after a disastrous marriage and a painful_________, I’d welcomed the hardships of being a single parent and had been adamant in telling anyone who tried to fix me up that I was terminally single.
A. engagement B. delicate C. divorce D. dedication
10. Police are investigating the__________ in which a brick was thrown through a window at Eriksson's house near Regent's Park, north-west London, on Monday.
A. catastrophic B. disaster C. event D. incident
答案：DBCAB CDACD